Revista Científica UDO Agrícola
Volumen 9. Número 3. Año 2009. Páginas: 653-656
Feed intake and growth rate of
finisher broilers fed diets containing raw and cooked Napoleona imperialis seed meals
Consumo de alimento y tasa
de crecimiento de pollos de engorde en fase de acabado alimentados con dietas
conteniendo harina de semillas crudas y cocidas de Napoleona imperialis
Martins Chukwudi UCHEGBU, Augusta Obioma
IBEKWE, Ifeanyi Princewill
OGBUEWU
,
Helen Ogechi OBIKAONU, Chibuzo
Hope NWAODU and Ifeanyi Charles OKOLI
Department
of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, PMB 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. E-mail: princiano2001@yahoo.com Corresponding author
|
Received: 03/11/2009 |
First
reviewing ending:
05/13/2009 |
|
First
review received:
09/12/2009 |
Accepted: 09/16/2009 |
ABSTRACT
A thirty-five day
feeding trial was carried out to determine the effect of dietary raw and cooked Napoleona imperialis seed meals (NISM) on feed
intake and weight gain of finisher broilers. Four treatment diets were
formulated to contain 0% (control) or 5% raw NISM and 5% or 10% cooked,
respectively. One hundred and twenty Hubbard broilers of 4 weeks of age
were divided into 4 treatment groups of 30 birds, which were further subdivided
into subgroups of ten birds each to represent the 3 replicates per treatment
group. The treatment groups were, randomly, assigned to the four dietary
treatments. The daily weight gains (DWG) (g) of the control group (29.14) was
significantly higher (p<0.05) than the group fed 5% raw NISM (15.14) but
similar (p>0.05) to the groups fed 5% (20.57) or 10% (20.86) cooked NISM.
Feed conversion ratio (g feed/g gain) of birds on control diet (3.88) was
significantly lower (better) (p<0.05) than that of the birds on 10% (5.08)
cooked NISM diets. The daily feed intake (DFI) (g) of the control birds
(113.00) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of the 5% raw NISM
birds (68.00), but similar (p>0.05) to that of the birds on cooked NISM. The
results suggest that cooked NISM could replace maize up to 10% in finisher
broiler ration without any visible deleterious effect.
Key words: Finisher broilers, Napoleona
imperialis, performance, seed meal.
RESUMEN
Se realizó un experimento de alimentación de 35 días
para determinar el efecto de la dieta de harinas de semillas crudas y cocidas
de Napoleona imperialis sobre el comportamiento de pollos de engorde en fase de acabado. Se
formularon cuatro dietas de tratamientos conteniendo 0% (control) y 5% de
harina de semillas crudas de N. imperialis (HSCNI) y 5% y 10% de harina de semillas
cocidas de N. imperialis
(HScNI). Se dividieron 124 pollos de engorde Hubbard de cuatro semanas de edad en cuatro grupos de
tratamiento de 30 pollos y cada grupo fue porteriormente
sub-dividido en tres repeticiones de 10 pollos cada una. Los grupos de
tratamientos se asignaron al azar a los cuatro tratamientos de dietas. La
ganancia diaria de peso del grupo control fue significativamente mayor
(p<0,05) que la del grupo alimentado con 5% HSCNI pero similar (p>0,05) a
los grupos con 5 y 10% deHScNI. La relación de
conversión de alimentos de los pollos de engorde en la dieta control fue signifcativamente menor (mejor) (p<0,05) que aquella de
los pollos de engorde con la dieta de 10% HScSM. El
consumo diario de alimento de los pollos de engorde en el control fue
significativamente mayor (p<0,05) que aquella de los pollos alimentados con
5% HSCNI, pero similar (p>0,05) a aquella de los pollos con HScSM. Los resultados sugieren que el HScSM
pudiera reemplazar el maíz hasta 10% en la ración de pollos de engorde en fase
de acabado sin efectos deleterios.
Palabras clave:
Pollos de engorde en fase de acabado, Napoleona imperialis, comportamiento, harina de semillas, broiler
INTRODUCTION
The
poultry industry in the developing countries such as Nigeria has been plagued
with numerous problems, which include limited number of feed ingredients that
are not in competition for consumption between man and broilers. The high cost
of conventional feedstuffs has already sent a lot of livestock farmers out of
business, thus leading to reductions in overall animal protein production and
availability for human’s dietary needs. Provision of feed alone has been
reported to account for 60-80% of total cost in most livestock production in developing
countries as Nigeria (Igboeli, 2000; Esonu,
2006) but it is about 50% in developed countries, and this emphasize the interest to
develop local feedstuffs. In view of this, there is increased interest by
Nigerian livestock farmers on the search for unconventional feed ingredients of
comparable feed quality that are believed to be cheaper such as seed meals of
tropical legumes, shrubs and trees that are readily available but not competed
for in man’s dietary needs.
In an
effort to use new feedstuffs for animal rearing, a number of researchers in
recent times has investigated the
proximate composition of Napoleona imperialis seed
meal (NISM) (Uchegbu et al., 2002) and its use as feedstuff for farm animals as poultry (Uchegbu et al.,
2004) and weaner rabbits (Iheukwumere
et al., 2002). A decline in
performance with increasing inclusion levels of raw NISM in broilers have been reported (Uchegbu et al.,
2004). Such declines or poor performance by animals fed raw NISM diets tend to
suggest that it contains some anti-nutritional factors as has been reported for
most unconventional feedstuffs (D’Mello, 1982; Udedibie and Carlini, 1998). Results of the proximate analysis
of N. imperialis
showed that the dry seed meal had 4.8% moisture, 11.7% crude protein, 4.95%
ether extract, 3.60% crude fibre and 3.52% ash. The
mineral content of the seed meal included 5.01 g/kg Ca,
17.5 g/kg K and 16.1 g/kg Na and the values for saponin
and cyanide contents were 20% and 135 mg/kg, respectively (Ukpabi
and Ukpabi, 2003). Radostits
et al. (1997) reported that saponins could cause gastroenteritis, manifested by
diarrhea and dysentery and (Westendarp, 2005)
reported negative effects of saponins on farm
animals.
Therefore, the objective of the study was to
determine the effects of dietary raw and cooked Napoleona imperialis seed meal on the feed intake and weight gain by finisher broilers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The
research was carried out at the Poultry Unit of the Teaching and Research Farm,
Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria. The agro-climatic characteristics as well
as poultry production system of the area have been described by Okoli (2004). Ripe Napoleona imperialis fruits were harvested in and around the project area with the pods
opened, the seeds extracted, and then sun dried for 7 days. A portion of the
sun dried N. imperialis seeds was milled using hammer mill to
produce the raw N. imperialis seed meal (NISM) while, the remaining portion
was cooked in water for one hour then sun-dried before milling to produce
cooked NISM. The NISMs were then used in the formulation
of four broiler finisher diets (T0%, T5%.R, T5%.C, T10%.C)
containing
raw NISM at 0% and 5.0%, and cooked NISM at 5% and 10%, respectively.
The chemical composition of the experimental diets have
been shown in Table 1.
|
Table 1. Ingredient
composition of experimental diets fed to finisher broiler birds. |
||||
|
Ingredients* |
Diets (%) |
|||
|
|
T0% |
T5%R |
T5%C |
T10%C |
|
Maize |
60.00 |
55.00 |
55.00 |
50.00 |
|
Napoleona imperialis seed meal |
- |
5.00 |
5.00 |
10.00 |
|
Calculated nutrient composition |
||||
|
Crude protein (%) |
20.48 |
20.71 |
20.58 |
20.68 |
|
Crude fibre (%) |
4.24 |
4.44 |
4.30 |
4.36 |
|
Ether extract (%) |
4.12 |
4.36 |
4.20 |
4.30 |
|
Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg) |
2887.01 |
2821.20 |
2840.80 |
2794.60 |
|
* Each diet contained 16% soybean
meal, 3% local fish meal, 10% wheat offal, 3% blood meal, 2% bone meal, 1%
oyster shell, 4% palm kernel cake, 0.25%, lysine, 0,25% methionine and 0,25%
salt; NISM- Napoleona
imperialis seed meal; R – Raw; C -
Cooked. |
||||
One
hundred and twenty (120) Hubbard broilers of 4 weeks of age with average
initial weight of 520g were divided into four treatment groups of 30 birds and
each group sub-divided into 3 replicates of 10 birds each. The treatment groups
were randomly assigned to the 0% and 5% raw NISM, and the 5% and 10% cooked
NISM diets for T1R, T2R, T3C and T4C,
respectively, in a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment. The birds
were raised in a litter system. They were raised with Guinea feed for four
weeks prior to the commencement of the experiment to stabilize the birds.
Experimental feed and water were given ad
libitum. The animals were weighed at the beginning of the experiment and on
weekly basis thereafter for 35 days.
Statistical
differences between treatment means were determined with the analysis of
variance (ANOVA) for completely randomized design (Steel and Torrie, 1980). Where significant differences were detected
among treatment means, mean separation was done using Duncan’s New Multiple
Range Test (DNMRT) as outlined by Obi (1990).
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
The effects of graded levels of raw and cooked
Napoleona imperialis seed meals (NISMs) on feed intake and weight gain of finisher
broilers over 35 days are shown in Table 2. The final body weight of birds on
control diet were, statistically, similar (p>0.05) to those on 10% cooked NISM, but significantly (p<0.05)
higher than those on 5% raw and 5% cooked NISM. The significantly higher (p<0.05) mean final body weight
of the control birds relative to the bird on 5% raw Napoleona imperialis seed meal diet reflects the inability of these birds to adequately
handle and tolerate the anti-nutritional factors at this level of inclusion of
raw NISM. The comparable results of the control diet and 5% and 10% cooked NISM diets was an indication that
cooking Napoleona imperialis seed in water for one hour might have reduced the anti-nutritional
contents of the test ingredient to a tolerable level other than saponins because these are not destroyed by thermal treatment,
but by fermentation (Fenwick and Okenfull, 1983;
Reddy and Pierson, 1994). The daily feed intake of birds on control diet were,
statistically, similar (p>0.05) to those on 5 and 10% cooked NISM, but significantly (p<0.05)
higher than those on 5% raw NISM. The negative effect
of saponins on feed intake is known (Cheeke, 1971; Westendarp, 2005).
|
Table 2. Effect of raw and
cooked Napoleona imperialis seed meals on the feed intake and weight gain of finisher
broilers over 35 days. |
|||||
|
Parameter |
NISM diets (%) |
SEM |
|||
|
T0% |
T5%R |
T5%C |
T10%C |
||
|
Initial
body weight (kg) |
0.53 |
0.52 |
0.51 |
0.52 |
0.005 |
|
Final body weight (kg) |
1.55a |
1.05b |
1.23b |
1.25ab |
0.120 |
|
Daily weight gain(g) |
29.14a |
15.14b |
20.57ab |
20.86ab |
0.117 |
|
Daily feed intake (g) |
113.0a |
68.0b |
94.0ab |
106.0a |
11.4 |
|
Feed conversion ratio (g feed/g gain) |
3.88b |
4.49ab |
4.57ab |
5.08a |
0.284 |
|
Mortality
(No.) |
1.00 |
- |
- |
1.00 |
|
|
a,b Means within row with different
superscripts are significantly (p<0.05) different according to Duncan’s
New Multiple Range Test. NISM - Napoleona imperialis seed meal; R - Raw; C - Cooked. SEM: Standard error of the
mean |
|||||
The
daily weight gain of birds on the control diet was similar (p>0.05) to those
on 5% and 10% cooked NISM (Table 2).
In absolute terms the birds on 5% and 10% cooked NISM had higher daily weight
gains than those on the 5% raw NISM diet. The lower daily weight gain recorded
for the birds on 5% raw NISM
diet as observed in the study implied a reduction in growth rate. The decrease
in weight gain observed in the birds fed 5% raw NISM could be attributed to the presence of anti-nutritional
factors contained in these seeds (Dutta et al., 1986; Udedibie
and Carlini, 1998; Uchegbu et al., 2004). It appeared that
different toxic components of NISMs
were responsible for depression in nutrient utilization and, consequently,
reduction in the growth of broilers fed the seed meal. The daily feed intake of
the control birds was, significantly, higher (p<0.05) than that of the group
fed 5% raw NISMs, but
similar (p>0.05) to those on 5% and 10% cooked NISM. It appeared the anti- nutritional factors might have created
a palatability problem which depressed the consumption of diet containing raw
NISM.
The
feed conversion ratio of the birds on the control diet was, significantly,
lower (p<0.05) than those on the 10% cooked NISM diet. This indicates that the control diet was better
utilized than the 10% cooked NISM
diets although, the control diet compared favourably
with both the 5% raw and 5% cooked NISM
diets. The mortality recorded in the study was quite insignificant and could
not be attributed to the effect of NISMs,
especially, as equal number of deaths occurred both among the birds on 0% and
those on 10% cooked NISMs.
CONCLUSION
The
superiority of the birds on control diet relative to those on 5% raw Napoleona imperialis seed meal (NISM) diets as evidenced by
reduced final body weight, daily weight gain and daily feed intake means that
inclusion of raw NISM in the
diet of broilers could, adversely, affect the growth performance of finisher
broilers.
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