Revista Científica UDO Agrícola Volumen 12. Número
1. Año 2012. Páginas: 152-156
Seed yield and
economic returns of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) as influenced by poultry
manure, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization at Samaru, Nigeria
Rendimiento de semillas y
retorno económico del ajonjolí (Sesamum
indicum L.) influenciado por gallinaza, nitrógeno y fósforo en Samaru,
Nigeria
Ibrahim
Muhammad HARUNA 1 
and L. ALIYU 2
1Department of
Agronomy, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nigeria and 2Department
of Agronomy, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria. E-mail: ibrahimmharuna@yahoo.com Corresponding author
|
Received: 01/02/2011 |
First reviewing ending: 02/16/2012 |
First review received: 03/18/2012 |
Accepted: 03/18/2012 |
ABSTRACT
Field
trials were conducted during the rainy seasons of 2005, 2006 and 2007 at the
Research Farm of Institute for Agricultural Research, Samaru, Nigeria (110 11’ N, 070 38’ E,
and 686 m above sea level) to study the yield and economic return of sesame cv.
Ex-Sudan as influenced by poultry manure, nitrogen, and phosphorus application.
The experiment consisted of four rates of poultry manure (0, 5.0, 10.0, and
15.0 t ha-1), three levels of nitrogen in the form of urea (0, 60,
and 120 kg N ha-1) and three levels of phosphorus in the form of
single super phosphate (0, 13.2 and 26.4 kg P ha-1) applied to the
treatments. The thirty six treatment combinations were laid out in a split-plot
design with three replications. The factorial combinations of N and P were
assigned to the main plot while poultry manure was assigned to the sub-plots.
Yield of sesame and economic returns were better at 5 t ha-1, 60 kg
N ha-1 and 13.2 kg P ha-1 of poultry manure, nitrogen and
phosphorus application rates respectively. Applications of 5 t poultry manure
ha-1, 60 kg nitrogen ha-1 and 13.2 of
phosphorus ha-1 seems to be the ideal rates for sesame production at
Samaru, Nigeria and is therefore recommended.
Key words: Sesamum
indicum, seed yield, economic returns,
poultry manure, nitrogen, phosphorus
RESUMEN
Se condujeron experimentos de campo durante las épocas
lluviosas en 2005, 2006 y 2007 en la Research Farm of Institute for
Agricultural Research, Samaru, Nigeria (110 11’ N, 070
38’E, y 686 m sobre el nivel del mar) para estudiar el rendimiento y el retorno
económico del ajonjolí cv. Ex-Sudan influenciado por gallinaza, nitrógeno y
fósforo. El experimento consistió de cuatro dosis de gallinaza (0, 5, 10 y 15 t
ha-1), tres niveles de nitrógeno en la forma de urea (0, 60 y 120 kg
N ha-1) y tres niveles de fósforo en la forma de superfosfato simple
(0; 13,2 y 26,4 kg P ha-1).
Las 36 combinaciones de tratamientos se arreglaron en un diseño de parcelas
divididas con tres repeticiones. Las combinaciones factoriales de N y P se
asignaron a las parcelas principales mientras la gallinaza se asignó a las
subparcelas. El rendimiento de ajonjolí y los retornos económicos fueron mejor
a 5 t ha-1, 60 kg N ha-1 y 13,2 kg P ha-1 de
gallinaza, nitrógeno y fósforo, respectivamente. Las aplicaciones de 5 t de
gallinaza ha-1, 60 kg de nitrógeno ha-1y 13,2 kg 1
de fósforo ha-parecen ser las dosis ideales para la producción de
ajonjolí en Samaru, Nigeria y es por lo tanto recomendada.
Palabras clave: Sesamum indicum, rendimiento de semillas, retornos económicos,
gallinaza, nitrógeno, fósforo.
INTRODUCTION
Sesame (Sesamum
indicum L.) is an important
oilseed crop in the tropics and subtropics. It is grown mainly in developing
countries by small holder farmers who rarely apply fertilizer. This results in
both low yield and poor economic returns. Significantly higher yields have been
reported with the application of organic manure, nitrogen and phosphorus
fertilizer by many workers. Manure application has been shown to improve
solubility and uptake of P from sparingly soluble P compounds in soil and
enhances the utilization of P from P containing fertilizers (Zeidan, 2007).
Mondal et al. (1992) reported that application of 10 t farm yard manure
ha-1 significantly increased the seed yield of sesame compared to
other levels of applied organic and inorganic fertilizers. Working on the
effect of spacing and fertilizer application on the growth, yield and yield
components of sesame, Bonsu (2003) reported that poultry manure application
significantly increased total seed yield by 13% over the control that had no
manure. Duhoon et al. (2004) working on the optimization of sesame
production through bio/natural inputs reported that application of 3.75 t
farmyard manure ha-1 plus other organic amendments gave
significantly higher seed yield compared with the control. Vaiyapuri et al.
(2004) reported that application of 45 kg sulphur ha-1 and 10 t
poultry manure ha-1 gave the maximum seed yield per hectare in a
study on the effect of sulphur and different organic amendments on the
performance of sesame.
Osman (1993) reported
that grain yield and yield parameters of sesame were significantly enhanced by
the application of 40 kg N ha-1. Mankar et al. (1995) showed that phosphorous application at the rate of 22
kg P ha-1 significantly enhanced seed yield, seed oil content and
seed protein content of sesame. Olowe and Busari (2000) found that application
of 60 kg N ha-1 and 13.2 kg P ha-1 produced significantly
the highest number of capsules per plant, branches per plant, capsule weight
per plant and grain yield per hectare. Hossein et al. (2007) recorded the highest sesame seed yield with the
application of 60 kg N ha-1. Okpara et al. (2007) found that application of 75 kg N ha-1 and
26.4 kg P ha-1 significantly increased the number of seeds per
capsule and seed yield per hectare.
Works
on the yield and economic returns of sesame as influenced by poultry manure,
Nitrogen and Phosphorus fertilizer rates at Samaru, Nigeria is lacking. This
study, therefore, seek to evaluate the yield and economic returns of sesame as
influenced by poultry manure, nitrogen and phosphorus.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Field Experiments were
conducted during the rainy seasons of 2005, 2006 and 2007 at the Institute for
Agricultural Research (IAR) Farm, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, (11o
11’ N; 07o 38’ E, 686 m above sea level), located in the
northern Guinea savanna agro-ecological zone of Nigeria.
The experiment
consisted of factorial combinations of four levels of poultry manure (0, 5.0,
10.0 and 15.0 t ha-1), three levels of nitrogen (0, 60 and 120 kg N
ha-1) in the form of Urea and three levels of phosphorus (0, 13.2
and 26.4 kg P ha-1) in the form single super phosphate. The thirty
six (36) treatment combinations were laid out in a split-plot design with
nitrogen and phosphorus assigned to the main-plot, while poultry manure was
assigned to the sub-plot. The gross plot size was 13.5 m2 (4.5 m x 3
m) while the net plot size was 9 m2 (3 m x 3 m).
The experimental area
was disc-ploughed and harrowed twice to a fine tilt. This was then followed by ridging
at 75 cm apart (between rows) and the field marked into plots and blocks
(replications). The plots were separated by 1.0 m unplanted boarder while
replications were separated by 2.0 m unplanted alley. The three levels of
phosphorus and the four levels of poultry manure were incorporated into the
ridges according to the experimental design after land preparation and left for
two weeks before sowing. Half of the nitrogen levels were applied at 3 weeks
after sowing (WAS) while the remaining half was applied at 6 WAS. The sesame
cultivar used was Ex-Sudan. It is white in colour, of medium height (80 to 100
cm) and medium maturity (85 to 90 days) (RMRDC, 2004). Seeds of the cultivar
were sown on July 16, 2005; July 19, 2006 and July 20, 2007 for the three
trials using 15 cm intra-row spacing on ridges 25 cm apart. Manual hoe weeding
was done at 3, 6, and 9 WAS to ensure a weed-free growth environment.
Harvesting was done on
October 23, 2005; October 27, 2006 and October 28, 2007, when the leaves and
stems turned yellowish brown. Harvesting was manually done with the aid of a
sickle by cutting the plants at the base close to the ground. Plants from each
plot were gathered into a sack to dry so as to minimize seed loss when capsule
dehisces. When the harvested plants were adequately dry, the sacks were gently
beaten with sticks in order to release all the seeds from the capsules. The
seeds were then separated from the chaff by winnowing. The entire plants in the
net plot were used to obtain the seed yield per hectare.
The data collected
were subjected to analysis of variance using the ‘F’ test to estimate the
significance in the effects of the treatments as described by Snedecor and
Cochran (1989). Comparisons of treatment means were done using the Duncan’s Multiple
Range Test (Duncan, 1955). To examine the economic implications of varying the
rates of poultry manure, nitrogen and phosphorus, revenues were computed based
on the pooled means of yield from all the levels of nitrogen and phosphorus
using a farm gate price of two hundred naira (N200 kg -1).
The pooled total revenue estimates were expressed in Naira per hectare (during
the study, US Dollar = N 140).
RESULTS
Seed yields (kg ha-1)
of sesame in 2005, 2006, 2007 and the mean as affected by treatments are shown
in Table 1. Application of 5 t ha-1 of poultry manure produced
significantly higher grain yield compared with other level of applied manure.
Increasing the rate of poultry manure from 5 to 10 and 15 t ha-1
significantly reduced seed yield in all the years. In all the years and the
mean of the three years, application of 60 kg N ha-1 produced
significantly higher grain yield compared with other levels of N application.
Seed yield decreased when N rate was increased.
|
Table
1. Effect of poultry manure, nitrogen and phosphorus on the grain yield (kg
ha-1) of sesame (Sesamum
indicum L.) cv. Ex-Sudan during the rainy seasons of 2005-2007 at Samaru,
Nigeria. |
||||
|
|
Grain yield (kg ha-1) |
|||
|
Treatments |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
Combined |
|
Nitrogen
(kg ha-1) |
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
699.68 c |
732.29 c |
582.29 c |
671.39 c |
|
60 |
998.70 a |
773.36 a |
831.43 a |
934.50 a |
|
120 |
872.22 b |
753.15 b |
732.28 b |
788.22 b |
|
SE± |
4.847 |
4.303 |
4.164 |
5.233 |
|
Phosphorus(kg
ha-1) |
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
777.70 c |
738.51 c |
678.93 c |
746.71 c |
|
13.2 |
946.47 a |
880.39 a |
766.82 a |
864.56 a |
|
26.4 |
853.42 b |
794.91 b |
700.17 b |
782.83 b |
|
SE± |
4.847 |
4.303 |
4.164 |
5.233 |
|
Poultry
manure (t ha-1) |
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
696.23 d |
682.92 d |
647.95 d |
675.70 d |
|
5.0 |
1066.83 a |
900.73 a |
835.32 a |
960.96 a |
|
10.0 |
856.39 b |
882.17 b |
716.54 b |
818.37 b |
|
15.0 |
817.31 c |
732.59 c |
661.40 c |
737.10 c |
|
SE± |
5.635 |
5.419 |
5.633 |
5.421 |
|
Interactions |
|
|
|
|
|
N X P |
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
|
N XM |
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
|
P X M |
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
|
N X P X M |
ns |
ns |
ns |
ns |
|
ns
= Not significant at 5% level of significance Means
followed by the same letter (s) within the same treatment group and column
are not statistically different at 5 % level of significance according to Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test |
||||
Application of 13.2 kg
phosphorus ha-1 produced significantly higher grain yield per
hectare compared with other levels of applied P. Application of 26.4 kg P ha-1
significantly decreased seed yield in all the years and the mean of the three
years.
The profitability of
sesame in this study was measured using gross-margin analysis and the result is
presented in Table 2. The change in gross margin as a response to treatment was
in consonance to the yield obtained under the treatments.
|
Table 2. Economic analysis of sesame
production cv. Ex-Sudan at Samaru, Nigeria
(Three years combined data i.e. 2005 to 2007). |
||||||||||
|
Variable |
Poultry manure (t
ha-1) |
Nitrogen (kg ha-1) |
Phosphorus (kg ha-1) |
|||||||
|
Cost |
0 |
5 |
10 |
15 |
0 |
60 |
120 |
0 |
13.2 |
26.4 |
|
Cost of seed ₦ ha-1 |
1,050 |
1,050 |
1,050 |
1,050 |
1050 |
1,050 |
1,050 |
1050 |
1,050 |
1,050 |
|
Cost of fertilizer ₦ ha-1 |
0 |
5,000 |
10,000 |
15,000 |
0 |
6,250 |
12,500 |
0 |
2,700 |
5,400 |
|
Land preparation ₦ ha-1 |
6,000 |
6,000 |
6,000 |
6,000 |
6,000 |
6,000 |
6,000 |
6,000 |
6,000 |
6,000 |
|
Planting ₦ ha-1 |
3,000 |
3,000 |
3,000 |
3,000 |
3,000 |
3,000 |
3,000 |
3,000 |
3,000 |
3,000 |
|
Weeding ₦ ha-1 |
14,000 |
14,000 |
14,000 |
14,000 |
14,000 |
14,000 |
14,000 |
14,000 |
14,000 |
14,000 |
|
Fertilizer application ₦ ha-1 |
0 |
6,000 |
7,000 |
8,000 |
0 |
8,000 |
8,000 |
0 |
5,000 |
5,000 |
|
Harvesting ₦ ha-1 |
8,000 |
8,000 |
8,000 |
8,000 |
8,000 |
8,000 |
8,000 |
8,000 |
8,000 |
8,000 |
|
Threshing and winnowing ₦ ha-1 |
7,000 |
7,000 |
7,000 |
7,000 |
7,000 |
7,000 |
7,000 |
7,000 |
7,000 |
7,000 |
|
Total variable cost ₦ ha-1 |
39,050 |
50,055 |
56,060 |
62,065 |
39,050 |
53,360 |
59,670 |
39,050 |
46,763.2 |
49,476.4 |
|
Revenue ₦ ha-1 |
135,140 |
192,192 |
163,674 |
147,420 |
134,278 |
186,900 |
157,644 |
149,342 |
172,912 |
156,566 |
|
Gross margin ₦ ha-1 |
96,090 |
142,137 |
107,614 |
85,355 |
95,228 |
133,540 |
97,974 |
110,292 |
126,148.8 |
107,089.6 |
Under the poultry
manure treatment, application of 5 t ha-1 gave the best gross margin
of N142, 137 (one hundred and forty two thousand one hundred and thirty
seven naira). For the nitrogen treatment, application of 60 kg ha-1
gave the best gross margin of N
133,540 (one hundred and thirty three thousand, five hundred and forty naira)
while application of 13.2 kg ha-1 of phosphorus gave the best gross
margin of N 126,148.80 (one
hundred and twenty six thousand, one hundred and forty eight naira, eighty
kobo).
From the above, the
weeding cost constituted the highest proportion of total variable cost. The
cost of fertilizer or manure increased with increase in the rate of
application. However, production in this study was profitable at all levels of
applied nutrients as reflected by the positive values of gross margin.
DISCUSSION
Yield of sesame cv.
Ex-Sudan was highest at moderate rate of applied poultry manure and nitrogen (5
t ha-1 and 60 kg N ha-1) and not the highest doses. This
could be because excessive nitrogen has been reported to reduce fruit number
and yield for sesame but enhances plant growth (Aliyu et al., 1996).
This finding corroborated those of Bonsu (2003), Fathy and Mohammed (2009).
Yield of sesame was
significantly increased by the application of 13.2 kg P
ha-1.
The application of 13.2 kg P ha-1 seems to be
sufficient to meet crop nutrient requirement as further increase in the
phosphorus level did not confer any beneficial effect on the yield. The
beneficial effect of phosphorus on the seed yield in this study could be due to
the fact that phosphorous is a component of nucleic acids, so it plays a vital
role in plant reproduction, of which seed production is an important outcome
(Douglas and Philips, 2008). This finding is in agreement with those of Mankar et
al. (1995), Olowe and Busari (2000), Okpara et al. (2007) and Haruna
et al. (2010).
Sesame produced with
the highest levels of applied N, P, and poultry manure gave the lowest gross
margin compared with those that received no treatment at all. This could be due
to the fact that, at the highest treatment levels, vegetative growth was
enhanced to the detriment of seed yield. At the end, the grain produced at the
levels of nutrients application was not high enough to upset the high cost of
production. The low stand count at harvest could also be responsible for the
low gross margin because the yield obtained from those plots, though higher
than those without nutrients but because of the cost of the nutrient
procurement and the labour for applying them, their gross margin was lower. The
highest gross margin and highest revenue was obtained by the application of
5t/ha of poultry manure, 60 kg N ha-1 and 13.2 kg P ha-1 respectively.
CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATION
Contrary to the
generally held view at Samaru, Nigeria that sesame can do better without
fertilizer application, this study showed that both yield and economic returns
of sesame were better with the applications of 5 t ha-1 of poultry
manure, 60 kg ha-1 of nitrogen and 13.2 kg ha-1 of
phosphorus compared with non application of fertilizer. Applications of 5 t ha-1
of poultry manure, 60 kg ha-1 of nitrogen and 13.2 kg ha-1
of phosphorus is therefore recommended for increased yield and better economic
returns to sesame growers at Samaru.
LITERATURE
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