Revista
Científica UDO Agrícola Volumen 12. Número 1. Año 2011.
Páginas: 174-178
The effects of varying dietary protein levels on growth performance and
some quality parameters of carcass and eggs of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)
Efecto
de diferentes niveles de proteína dietética sobre el comportamiento del
crecimiento y algunos caracteres de calidad del canal y huevos de Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)
Akeem O. SOTOLU
Department of
Forestry Wildlife and Fisheries, Nasarawa State
University, Keffi, Shabu-Lafia
Campus, Nigeria. E-mail:
sotoluola@yahoo.com
|
Received: 06/16/2010 |
First reviewing ending: 09/16/2010 |
First review received: 11/11/2010 |
Accepted: 01/09/2011 |
ABSTRACT
Growth
performance and some quality parameters of broodstocks and eggs of female Clarias gariepinus were investigated in
this study for 70 days. Fish were fed diets with varying crude protein levels
(CP); 30, 35 and 40% in triplicates with imported feed as control. Proximate analysis of feeds, fish and eggs
alone were done and data were collected on fish growth and nutrient utilization
efficiency fortnightly. Results showed that fish fed diets with 35% CP
exhibited significantly (P<0.05) higher growth rate, feed conversion ratio
and apparent net protein utilization than fish fed diet with 40% CP. Fish fed diets with 35 and 40% CP had higher
CP values of carcass and for eggs while both were significantly higher
(P<0.05) than the CP values of other treatments. Egg development was however higher in fish
fed 40% CP diet but with marginal differences as compared to the values
obtained in fish fed 35% CP diet. The result showed that diet with 35% crude
protein produced good growth rate in catfish broodstock
and better nutrient utilization as well as improved egg development and
maturity than fish feed diet with 30% crude protein.
Key words: Clarias gariepinus, female broodstock,
growth performance, carcass quality, egg quality,
RESUMEN
En este estudio se investigó el
comportamiento del crecimiento y algunos caracteres de calidad de las
reproductoras y huevos de Clarias gariepinus durante 70 días. Los peces se alimentaron
con dietas con diferentes niveles de proteína cruda (PC): 30, 35 y 40% en
triplicados con alimento importado como control. El análisis proximal de los
alimentos, peces y huevos se realizaron y se recogieron los datos sobre el
crecimiento de los peces y la eficiencia de la utilización de los nutrimentos
en dos semanas. Los resultados mostraron que los peces alimentados con dietas
con 35% de PC significativamente exhibieron (P<0,05) mayor tasa de
crecimiento, mayor relación de conversión alimentaria y mayor utilización neta
aparente de proteína que aquellos peces alimentados con la dieta con 40% de PC.
Los peces alimentados con dietas con 35 y 40% de PC presentaron mayores valores
de PC de la canal y de los huevos, mientras ambos fueron significativamente
mayores (p<0,05) que los valores de PC de los otros tratamientos. Sin
embargo, el desarrollo de los huevos fue mayor en los peces alimentados con la
dieta con 40% de PC, pero con diferencias marginales en comparación con los
valores obtenidos en los peces alimentados con la dieta con 35% de PC. El
resultado mostró que la dieta con 35% de proteína cruda produjo una buena tasa
de crecimiento en los reproductores del bagre y una mejor utilización de los
nutrimentos, así como un mejor desarrollo de los huevos y la madurez que la
dieta de alimentos para peces con 30% de proteína cruda.
Palabras
clave: Clarias gariepinus,
reproductoras, comportamiento del crecimiento, calidad de canal, calidad de
huevos.
INTRODUCTION
Clarias gariepinus
is one of the culturable fin fish species in Nigeria that is of high commercial
interest (Faturoti, 2000). It is known to be capable of withstanding adverse
environmental condition more than other culturable species such as tilapia
(Pillay, 1990). This, coupled with its fast growth rate has made it attractive
to catfish farming in Nigeria for the past two decades. African catfish hardly
reproduces in captivity (Howerton, 2001) but with the popular induced breeding
(artificial method of spawning, incubation and hatching of eggs under
controlled environmental conditions) technique, it has been possible to produce
fish seed all year round (Ayinla, 1988). Although the technique for induced
breeding has been developed, the problem of low egg hatchability and larva
survival rate remains a major hindrance to the success of its mass production.
Nutritional deficiency has been identified as a great factor affecting
artificial spawning of fish (Hogendoorn and Vismans, 1980). The works of Chong et al., 2004; El-Sayed et al., 2003; Coward and Bromage, 2000 have further emphasized the importance of broodstock nutrition for the enhancement of reproductive
performance of cultured fish species especially, dietary protein level
(Muchlisin et al., 2006). NRC (1983)
and Kent (2002) reported that there are differences in the nutritional
requirements of the growth-out fish and the brood fish. This study therefore is
an attempt to investigate the effects of different dietary protein levels on
female catfish brooders reproductive fitness.
MATERIALS
AND METHODS
This study involved the use of three levels of
dietary protein (30, 35 and 40%) feeds as test diets under a completely
randomized experiment. The protein sources used in formulating the feeds
include fish meal, blood meal and soyabean meal
(Table 1), also, gross ingredients used in the formulation of the experimental
diets are shown in Table 1. In addition to the three formulated diets an
imported brood fish diet was used as the control making a total of four test
diets (Table 2), also, the proximate composition of all the test diets are
presented in Table 2. All formulated diets were made into pellets of 6mm size
after homogenous mixing in a Hobart mixer. One hundred and twenty catfish
female broodstocks of 1.29 ± 0.04 kg average weight
were evenly distributed in twelve concrete tanks of 2 x 2 x 1.5 m and are
allowed to acclimatize for seven days before the commencement of the
experiment. For all test diets, fish carcass and eggs were chemically analyzed
for their crude protein, crude fibre, crude lipid, nitrogen free extract, ash
and moisture according to AOAC (2000). Fish were fed ad libitium between 08:30-09:00 hours and
16:30-17:00 hours. Feeding of fish per treatment was done in triplicates for 70
days. Water quality parameters (dissolved oxygen, pH and ammonia) were kept
constant during the culture period in tanks by regular changing of the water on
weekly basis. At the end of the experiment all fish were sacrificed for carcass
analysis while eggs were equally analyzed separately. Data collected on fish
growth at fortnights were computed for nutrient utilization assessment (protein
efficiency ratio (PER) feed conversion ratio (FCR), apparent net protein
utilization (ANPU), specific growth rate (SGR) and total feed intake (TFI)) and
they were all subjected to analysis of variance test of the one way ANOVA using
SPSS and significant mean differences were separated at 0.05 probability level
according to (Steel et al., 1997).
|
Table 1. Percentage composition of ingredients for
experimental diets of Clarias gariepinus |
|||
|
|
Diets (% crude protein) |
||
|
Ingredients (g/100 g) |
30 |
35 |
40 |
|
Fish meal |
10.0 |
12.7 |
15.0 |
|
Blood meal |
8.5 |
11.5 |
11.4 |
|
Soyabean meal |
35.3 |
35.8 |
37.3 |
|
Brewers grain |
14.0 |
14.0 |
14.0 |
|
Yellow maize |
26.2 |
20.0 |
16.3 |
|
Dicalcium phosphate |
2.0 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
|
Common salt |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
|
Soya salt |
1.5 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
|
† Vitamin/mineral premix |
2.0 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
|
† Biomix
fish vitamin/mineral providing per kg of diet at 5kg
per tonne inclusion: 20,000 iu,
vitamin A, 200 i.u, Vit. D3, 200 mg Vit E, 8 mg Vit k3, 20mg
Vit B1, 30 mg Vit B2, 12 mg Vit B6, 50 mg Pantothenic acid,
0.8 mg Biotin, 150 mg Niacin, 0.05mg Vit B12, 160mg
Vit. C, 4.0mg Cobalt, 40 mg Iron, 5.0 mg Iodine, 30
mg Manganese, 4 mg Copper, 40 mg Zinc, 0.2 mg Selenium, 100 mg Lysine, 100 mg
Methionine, 100 mg Anti-oxidant. |
|||
|
Table 2. Proximate composition
of experimental diet on wet basis of Clarias gariepinus |
||||
|
|
Diets (% crude protein) |
|||
|
Nutrient (%) |
31 † |
30 |
35 |
40 |
|
Crude protein |
30.91 |
30.21 |
35.03 |
40.12 |
|
Crude fibre |
3.44 |
3.81 |
3.61 |
3.58 |
|
Ash |
11.97 |
10.40 |
10.32 |
11.65 |
|
Crude lipid |
26.23 |
24.55 |
22.83 |
20.17 |
|
Moisture |
14.82 |
14.47 |
13.75 |
13.33 |
|
Nitrogen free extract |
13.23 |
15.56 |
14.46 |
12.15 |
|
Energy (Kcal/kg) |
3028.71 |
2970.16 |
3014.06 |
3014.45 |
|
† Imported brood fish diet |
||||
RESULTS
Fish were able to utilize the test diets at
varying degrees but weight gain and specific growth rate of fish were only
marginally different (P>0.05). Total feed was highest in treatment 3 and lowest
in treatment 2 but PER was significantly higher (P<0.05) in treatment 2 than
in treatment 3 (Table 3). Feed conversion ratio was least in the control
(treatment 1) which was marginally different from treatment 2 while values of
FCR for treatment 2 (1.42) and 4 (1.41) were significantly lower than those
treatment 1 and 2. ANPU was highest in the control and least in treatment 4 and
their statistical relationship with other treatments followed the same path
with PER and FCR. No mortality was recorded in all treatments as survival rate
was 100% throughout (Table 3).
|
Table 3. Growth and
nutrient utilization assessment of Clarias gariepinus broodstocks fed
varying dietary protein levels during 70-day feeding trial. |
|||||
|
Parameters |
Diets (% crude
protein) |
SEM ‡ |
|||
|
31 † |
30 |
35 |
40 |
||
|
Initial weight (g) (x103) |
1.27 a ¥ |
1.25a |
1.33b |
1.30 b |
0.73 |
|
Final weight (g) (x103) |
1.49 b |
1.46 b |
1.54 a |
1.52 a |
0.89 |
|
Weight gain (g) (x102) |
2.15 a |
2.08 b |
2.13 a |
2.11 b |
1.10 |
|
Specific growth rate
(%/day) |
0.22 a |
0.22 a |
0.21 a |
0.21 a |
0.37 |
|
Feed intake (g/day) |
41.40 b |
40.65 b |
43.10 a |
42.39 a |
0.64 |
|
Total feed intake (g) (x103) |
2.90 b |
2.85 b |
3.02 a |
2.97 a |
0.24 |
|
Protein efficiency ratio |
2.40 a |
2.41 a |
1.41 b |
1.77 c |
0.33 |
|
Feed conversion ratio |
1.35 b |
1.37 b |
1.42 a |
1.41 a |
0.30 |
|
Apparent net protein utilization |
0.36 a |
0.31 a |
0.28 b |
0.22 c |
0.02 |
|
Survival rate
(%) § |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
- |
|
† Imported brood fish diet ¥ Values
with different letter along the same row are significantly different (P < 0.05) ‡ SEM = Standard error of the means. § Survival rate was not statically analyzed |
|||||
Fish carcass protein increased
from the initial value of
|
Table 4. Carcass proximate
composition of Clarias gariepinus broodstocks fed varying dietary protein levels during
70-day feeding trial. |
|||||
|
Treatments |
Crude protein (CP) |
Crude lipid |
Moisture |
Ash |
Crude fibre |
|
Initial |
63.07 ± 1.14a ‡ |
7.92 ± 0.62a |
4.34 ± 1.46b |
4.83 ± 1.53a |
ND |
|
31% CP † |
66.26 ± 0.07b |
5.84 ± 0.18b |
6.35 ± 0.22a |
4.46 ± 0.42a |
ND |
|
30% CP |
65.94 ± 0.22b |
6.02 ± 0.13b |
6.97 ± 0.13a |
4.72 ± 1.13a |
ND |
|
35% CP |
66.10 ± 1.11b |
6.16 ± 0.46b |
6.76 ± 0.07a |
4.43 ± 1.09a |
ND |
|
40% CP |
65.86 ± 0.04b |
5.98 ± 0.12b |
6.99 ± 0.14a |
5.12 ± 0.33a |
ND |
|
† Imported brood fish diet; ND = Not Detectable ‡ Values with
different letter along the same row are significantly different (P < 0.05) |
|||||
|
Table 5. Wet weight and proximate composition of
eggs of Clarias gariepinus broodstocks fed varying dietary protein levels during
70-day feeding trial. |
|||||
|
Parameters |
Initial
values |
31% CP † |
30% CP |
35% CP |
40% CP |
|
Weight of egg (g) |
71.20 ±
0.04c ‡ |
92.80 ±
1.10b |
94.40 ±
0.19b |
95.03 ±
0.17b |
98.04 ±
0.23a |
|
Crude protein (CP) (%) |
68.45 ±
0.16b |
72.71 ±
0.43a |
72.68 ±
0.27a |
73.60 ±
0.36a |
73.77 ±
0.02a |
|
Crude lipid (%) |
14.33 ±
0.20a |
10.47 ±
0.18b |
10.54 ±
0.47b |
11.05 ±
0.11b |
10.08 ±
0.14b |
|
Ash (%) |
1.72 ±
1.10a |
1.01 ±
1.03a |
1.22 ±
0.72a |
0.44 ±
0.30b |
0.58 ±
0.25 b |
|
Moisture (%) |
10.84 ±
0.12a |
9.75 ±
0.31a |
8.79 ±
0.66a |
6.54 ±
1.12b |
6.74 ±
0.02b |
|
Crude fibre (%) |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
|
† Imported brood fish diet; ND = Not Detectable ‡ Values with
different letter along the same row are significantly different (P < 0.05) |
|||||
DISCUSSION
In this study, fish weight gain
increased precisely between treatment 2 and 3 but there was a slight decrease
in diet 4 was has higher dietary protein value indicating low utilization
level. An important contribution of dietary protein level toward broodstock
performance relates to the effect on body size. Earlier reports of El-Sayed et al., (2003) and Chong et al., (2004) relate body size to
maturation of gonads and that egg occur earlier in larger broodstocks. Fish fed
30% protein diet had the lowest carcass protein composition, suggesting that
this level is insufficient to fulfill the nutritional requirement of the female
broodstock and hence, the need to utilize body nutrient reserves for gonadal
development. This observation is similar to the reports of (Gunasekera
et al, 1996; Lim et al, 2002; Muchlisin, 2006)
where high values of fish egg weight increasing high dietary protein contents
directly inclined with high values of crude protein contents of the eggs
indication better gonadal development and maturation. From the nutrient
utilization assessment in this study, higher feed in taken were recorded for
fish fed higher dietary protein diets which gave lower SGR and PER values
indicating inefficient utilization of the diets. This is in agreement with the
reports of (Aiyelari et al, 2007;
Ramezani, 2009) and may suggest that female catfish broodstock would apparently
utilize diets with 30 – 35% crude protein better for growth diets than with 40%
crude protein.
CONCLUSION
Increase dietary protein level
of catfish diet up to 40% would produce best gonadal development but the same
quality of gonadal development can be achieved at 35% crude protein dietary
level especially with better weight gain and protein utilization efficiency.
LITERATURE
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