Revista
Científica UDO Agrícola Volumen 12. Número 1. Año 2011. Páginas:
161-166
Effect of cassayeast
produced from varying combinations of cassava (Manihot esculenta) and brewers’ dried yeast (Saccharomyces
cerevicea) on broiler performance
Efecto del cassayeast producido a partir de varias
combinaciones de yuca (Manihot esculenta) y levadura (Saccharomyces cerevicea) seca de cerveza sobre el comportamiento de pollos de
engorde
Alphonsus Okey
ANlEBO
Department of Animal Science, Anambra State University
Igbariam, PMB 6059 Awka, Nigeria. E
mail: okeyphasona@yahoo.com
|
Received: 03/06/2010 |
First reviewing ending: 09/30/2010 |
First review received: 11/24/2010 |
Accepted: 01/02/2011 |
ABSTRACT
A feeding trial using 480 day-old Anak broiler chicks was conducted in
which cassava meal (CM) fortified with brewers’ dried yeast (BDY) completely
replaced maize in four out of five isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets. The
objective was to determine the influence of cassayeast produced from varying
combinations of cassava (Manihot
esculenta) and brewers’s dried yeast (Saccharomyces
cerevicea) on broiler performance. Dried CM blended with BDY formed
cassayeast in the ratios of 30/11.1; 35/12.94; 40/14.79 and 45/16.64 in dietary
treatments B, C, D and E, respectively. Diet A (control) contained maize
without the test ingredient. Results showed significant differences (P<0.05)
in feed intake, body weight gain, efficiency of feed utilization (Feed: gain
and gain: feed ratios) and weights of breast and liver. Gizzard weights were
similar (P>0.05). The study demonstrated that the use of cassayeast could
improve feed availability in the broiler industry. It also showed that with
proper protein balancing, cassayeast can completely replace maize in broiler
diets.
Key words: brewers’ dried
yeast, cassava meal, cassayeast, broiler performance
RESUMEN
Se realizó un ensayo de alimentación utilizando
480 pollos broiler Anal de un día de vida en el cual la harina de yuca (HY)
fortificada con levadura seca de cerveza (LSC) reemplazó completamente al maíz
en cuatro de las cinco dietas isocalóricas e isonitrogenadas. El objetivo fue
determinar el efecto del cassayeast producido a partir de varias combinaciones
de yuca (Manihot esculenta) y
levadura (Saccharomyces cerevicea)
seca de cerveza sobre el comportamiento de pollos de engorde. La HY seca
mezclada con LSC formó el cassayeast en las proporciones de 30/11,1; 35/12,94;
40/14,79 y 45/16,64 en los tratamientos dietéticos B, C, D y E,
respectivamente. La dieta A (control) contenía maíz sin el ingrediente de
prueba. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas (P<0,05) en el
consumo de alimento, ganancia de peso corporal, eficiencia de utilización del
alimento (Relaciones alimento:ganancia y ganancia/alimento) y los pesos de
pechuga e hígado. Los pesos de la molleja fueron similares (P>0.05). El estudio
demostró que el uso de cassayeast podría mejorar la disponibilidad de los
alimentos en la industria de pollos de broiler. También mostró que con el
equilibrio adecuado de proteínas, el cassayeast puede reemplazar completamente
al maíz en las dietas de engorde.
Palabras
clave: levadura seca de cerveza, dieta de engorde, harina de
yuca, cassayeast
INTRODUCTION
Dietary energy is the most expensive nutrient in
manufactured poultry feeds in Nigeria because of the inclusion proportion (40-70%)
of the main energy ingredient, maize (Canter, 1987, Oruwari et al. 1995). Moreover, pressure from
population growth, drought, inorganic fertilizer cost and intensive poultry
production has made this conventional feed ingredient insufficient and therefore
expensive. Also, the insufficient production and stiff competition between man
and industrial use of maize has made it less economical for use in poultry
production. Thus, the need for research to identify cheap and locally available
energy feedstuffs in Nigeria such as cassava (Manihot esculenta) root meal and the by-products of its proccessing. Nigeria has comparative advantage in cassava
production, which apart from industrial uses can be used to feed livestock.
This study was to investigate the
best way of fortifying cassava, which is known to be energy feed stuff although
popularly used as a staple food in sub-Saharan Africa (IITA, 1994). Previous research
(Babiker et al. 1991 ;
Ogbonna et al, (1996); Patterson et al. 1994) had been on partial replacement of maize with
cassava meal and not total replacement, but that the potentials of utilisation
of cassava as a major feed ingredient is hampered by it poor quality and low protein content. Furthermore,
fortification of the cassava meal with a cheap, locally available protein
source such as brewers’ dried yeast (Saccharomyces
cerevicea) is a new concept. For instance, Kotrbaceki et al. (1994) used brewers’ yeast as a
biological feed supplement in broiler diets.
Considering that cassava contain relatively lower
crude protein levels than maize, the use of brewers’ dried yeast costing
$0.21/kg to fortify cassava meal which costs only $0.31/kg could provide a
cheaper source of energy than maize at $0.78/kg.
The objective was to determine the effect of
cassayeast produced from varying combinations of cassava (Manihot esculenta) and brewers’s dried yeast (Saccharomyces cerevicea) on broiler performance.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Peeled, dried cassava (TMS-30555) and locally dried
brewers’ yeast were subjected to proximate analysis (AOAC, 1990). Cassava was
also treated (Ezeala and Okoro, 1986) for hydrogen cyanide (HCN). The resulting
chemical composition of cassava was 2.00% CP, and 1.30% fat, while that of
brewers’ dried yeast (BDY) was 28.09% CP and 4.80% fat. A blend of cassava meal
(CM) and BDY (cassayeast) was made to achieve about 9,00% CP, to correspond
with the CP content of the maize used. Accordingly, every 2.704 parts of CM was
blended with one part of BDY (2.704 CM:1 BDY) resulting in a proximate
composition of 9.01% CP, 2.25% fat, 9.56% crude fibre, 4,00% ash and
2,790Kcal/kg M.E (calculated).
Five isocaloric
and isonitrogenous broiler diets were formulated (Table 1), such that: Diet A (control
diet) contained 55,00% maize while the four test diets, B, C, D and E contained
41.10, 47.94, 54.79 and 61.64% cassayeast, respectively, replacing maize. The
diets were analyzed for CP and fat only, while other nutrients were calculated
based on the feed ingredient composition data used (Parr, 1988). Four hundred
and eighty day-old broiler chicks were weighed in groups of 24 chicks and
randomly allocated to twenty pens (2 x 3m each) in an open-sided house.
Management procedures including vaccination were uniform for all birds. The
birds were randomly assigned to the five dietary treatments, which were
replicated four times in a completely randomized design, thus each of the 20
pens contained 24 chicks. The diets and water were provided ad libitum. The diets were fed to the
birds for a total of eight weeks.
|
Table 1: Ingredient and
nutrient composition of experimental diets. |
|||||
|
|
Maize (%) |
Cassayeast (%) |
|||
|
Ingredients |
55.00 |
41.11 |
47.94 |
54.79 |
61.64 |
|
Maize |
55.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
Palm kernel cake |
2.00 |
8.75 |
12.75 |
5.35 |
0.95 |
|
Soya bean meal |
27.50 |
27.50 |
27.85 |
29.5 |
30.20 |
|
Wheat bran |
10.79 |
11.57 |
2.25 |
2.00 |
0.00 |
|
Cassava meal |
0.00 |
30.00 |
35.00 |
40.00 |
45.00 |
|
Brewers’ dried yeast |
0.00 |
11.11 |
12.94 |
14.79 |
16.64 |
|
Palm oil |
0.87 |
7.28 |
5.40 |
4.60 |
3.60 |
|
V/M Premix † |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
|
Bone meal |
2.89 |
2.84 |
2.86 |
2.81 |
2.66 |
|
D-L Methionine |
0.15 |
0.15 |
0.15 |
0.15 |
0.15 |
|
Lysine |
0.05 |
0.05 |
0.05 |
0.05 |
0.05 |
|
Salt |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
|
Nutrient Composition (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crude Protein (calculated) |
20.07 |
20.12 |
20.12 |
20.12 |
20.08 |
|
Crude Protein (analyzed) |
19.99 |
20.17 |
20.14 |
19.85 |
20.21 |
|
M/E. Kcal/kg (calculated) |
2,836 |
2,835 |
2,828 |
2,827 |
2,828 |
|
Fat (calculated) |
2.99 |
8.44 |
6.35 |
5.26 |
4.06 |
|
Fat (analyzed) |
7.60 |
8.80 |
10.25 |
8.62 |
5.80 |
|
Crude Fibre (calculated) |
4.20 |
4.78 |
5.01 |
4.18 |
2.31 |
|
Calcium (calculated) |
1.06 |
1.10 |
1.05 |
1.08 |
1.04 |
|
Phosphorous (calculated) |
0.64 |
0.64 |
0.66 |
0.67 |
0.64 |
|
Lysine (calculated) |
1.08 |
1.33 |
1.40 |
1.41 |
1.46 |
|
Methionine (calculated) |
0.40 |
0.49 |
0.42 |
0.48 |
0.50 |
|
Price of Feed/ton ( |
247.33 |
219 |
213.08 |
213.92 |
214.25 |
|
ME: Metabolized energy † Containing per kg Vitamin and mineral
mixture: 0.15 g retinol, 25 mg cholecalciferol. 4.56 mg DL-α-tocopherol, 1 g menadione
bisulphite, 3 g riboflavin, 12.5
mg nicotinic acid, 5.5 g
panthothenic acid, 0.75 g pyridoxine, 0.25 g folic acid, 5 mg cobalamin. 125
g chloride, 62 g antioxidant, 12.5 g Fe, 40 g Mn, 25 g Zn, 1g Cu, 0.6 g I,
0.l g Co, 0,05 g Se. |
|||||
At the end of each period of seven days the birds were
weighed individually to determine body weight gain and feed consumption for the
calculation of feed: gain ratio and gain: feed ratio. Feed consumption was
calculated by difference between the quantity offered and the quantity left
over. In this study, gain: feed ratio was calculated to determine the
biological status of protein fortification of cassava meal (cassayeast) in
place of maize in broiler diets, while feed: gain was calculated for the commercial
importance of cassava in the cassayeast. Final body weight was taken at the end
of the eighth week: Post mortem
examination performed on ten dead birds in treatments A, C and D in the fifth
week showed that the cause was coccidiosis and not dietary treatment.
At the end of the eight weeks of experimental period, five birds from each replicate were
weighed and slaughtered to determine breast weight, liver and gizzard weights.
These were calculated and expressed as percentages of individual body weights.
All data collected were subjected to analysis of variance and treatment means
separated by using the multiple range test of Duncan (1955)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of
feed intake, body weight gain and efficiency of feed utilization (gain:feed and feed: gain) (Table 2)
showed that birds in treatment A, the maize based diet consumed (P<0.05)
higher quantity of feed than birds fed cassayeast based diets. Within the
cassayeast diets, birds in treatments B (41.10% cassayeast) and C (47.94% cassayeast)
consumed significantly (P<0.05) more feed than birds in treatments D and E.
The results agreed with the finding that feed intake was lowered at 25, 50 and
75% cassava replacement of maize (Babiker et al. 1991). Although the diets were isocaloric, birds in
treatments B and C significantly consumed more feed than those on other cassayeast diets, probably because of physical
limitations such as palatability, fibre level or eye and respiratory tract irritation (Parr, 1988). The bitter
taste of BDY (Ensminger and Olentine, 1978) could have contributed to depressed
intake. This study, moreover, exceeded the recommended inclusion level of 5.00% (Parr, 1988), 9.26% (Ergul,
1988). Its preparation inevitably could not avoid high level fibre which
according to Oruwari et al. (2003)
can depress feed intake.
|
Table 2. Performance
characters of broiler chickens fed with cassayeast based diets. |
|||||
|
|
Maize (%) |
Cassayeast (%) |
|||
|
Parameter |
55.00 |
41.11 |
47.94 |
54.79 |
61.64 |
|
Feed intake (kg) |
4.50c ± 0.00 |
4.36b ± 0.05 |
4.33b ± 0.00 |
4.18a ± 0.21 |
4.21a ± 0.08 |
|
Weight gain
(kg) |
1.95c ± 0.03 |
1.78b ± 0.05 |
1.81b ± 0.03 |
1.62a ± 0.03 |
1.64a ± 0.07 |
|
Feed gain ratio |
2.30a ± 0.54 |
2.45b ± 0.48 |
2.39b ± 0.49 |
2.58c ± 0.52 |
2.63c ± 0.58 |
|
Gain feed ratio |
0.43b ± 0.11 |
0.41b ± 0.11 |
0.42b ± 0.10 |
0.39a ± 0.03 |
0.39a ± 0.13 |
|
a,
b, c, means within the same row with different letters are significant
(P<0.05) |
|||||
The residual cyanide in the cassava used was very low
(0.072 mgHCN/10 g), when compared with the
maximum, which is acceptable in livestock diets (0.50 to 1,00 mg HCN/l0 g) as
reported by lngram (1975) and Yo (1992). However, considering the high level of
inclusion, the usual eye and respiratory tract irritation characteristic of
cassava due to prussic acid (Parr, 1988), could cause the observed feed intake
pattern.
Although, the body weight gain results showed that the
birds on control diet (maize based diet) yielded the highest body weight gain,
the performance of the birds in treatments B and C, which gained significantly
(P<0.05) higher weights than those of treatments
D and E. Indeed, the result agreed with the finding that growth rate was
satisfactory when cassava meals were fed to broiler chicks (Suchmann, 1994).
Similar to the findings of Pido et
al. (1979) the growth rate, in this study, corresponded with the pattern of
feed intake on all the dietary
treatments.
The results of
efficiency of feed utilization (feed: gain; gain: feed) showed significant
(P<.05) difference between the control and the cassayeast dietary treatments
in feed:gain ratio. Treatments B and C were also significantly different from D
and E. It implied that there was increasing economic gain with increased maize
replacement by cassayeast. Considerably, the efficiency of cassayeast based
diets up to 54.79% inclusion (treatment D) was still comparable to accepted
standards (Parr, 1988). Similarly, it was observed that the efficiency of feed
utilization of maize based diet and 50% boiled tapioca diet was comparable
(Banday and Gowdh, 1992). However, an earlier work reported normal growth rate
and efficiency of feed utilization at 25 and 50% levels of cassava replacement
for maize but not at 75% replacement level (Babiker et al. 1991). The non significant differences in the gain:feed
ratio showed that the biological status
of cassayeast diets B and C were similar to maize diet, but differed at
inclusion levels up to 54.79 and above (Diets D and E). Considering that in
previous studies cassava partially replaced maize (Pido et al. 1979; Babiker et al.
1991; Banday and Gowdh, 1992; Suchmann, 1994), the results of this study
demonstrated that broiler chickens can utilize in their diets up to 30% cassava
without maize, and still achieve a result comparable with that derivable from a
maize soybean meal diet such as the control.
The comparable
efficiency of treatments A, B and C in gain:feed ratio tended to demonstrate
that the use of fortified cassava (cassayeast) to completely replace the maize
portion in broiler’s diets can be of practical use in the broiler industry,
especially in areas where maize is scarce but cassava is available.
The results of breast weight, the organ (gizzard and
liver) weights are presented in Table 3. The significant (P<0.05) breast
weight results obtained in this study showed that dietary treatment B, C, D and
E yielded greater breast muscle than the control. This finding was based on the
percent of body weight, the conventionally accepted method of expressing
tissues/organ weights. Considering that breast muscle weight is a
representative of body protein (Wilen and Naftolin, 1978), the results of this
study demonstrated that cassayeast was superior to maize in the formation of
broiler body protein. The superiority of cassayeast could probably be due to its
yeast component, which is a single cell protein, because it has been found that
the amino acid profile of single cell protein is more balanced than that of the
grains (Ensminger and Olentine, 1978). Moreover, the unidentified growth
factors (UGF) in BDY may have potentiated the observed enlarged breast muscle
weight in this study (Potter and Shelton, 1978).
|
Table 3: Effects of cassayeast based diets on the breast and organ
weights of broilers. |
|||||
|
|
Maize (%) |
Cassayeast (%) |
|||
|
Parameters |
55.00 |
41.11 |
47.94 |
54.79 |
61.64 |
|
Breast weight (g) |
15.71a ±
2.83 |
16.93b ± 1.75 |
16.58b ± 0.93 |
16.35b ± 2.17 |
17.25a ± 2.00 |
|
Gizzard weight (g) |
3.65a ±
0.72 |
3.70a ± 0.78 |
3.68a ± 0.07 |
3.72a ± 1.44 |
3.76a ± 0.53 |
|
Liver weight (g) |
0.94a ±
0.27 |
1.09b ± 0.03 |
1.21c ± 0.31 |
1.52d ± 0.27 |
1.67e ± 0.08 |
|
a,
b, c Means within the same row with different
superscripts are significant (P<O.05) |
|||||
The results of mean gizzard weights showed no significance
difference (P>.05) in this study. Patrick and Schaible (1980) stated that
the size and the strength of the gizzards are related to the hardness of the
feed particles and the presence of crushed insoluble stones (grit). Considering
that gizzards are organs for crushing and mixing feed with water (Say, 1987),
and since their sizes were not affected by the dietary treatments, it implied
that cassayeast posed no digestive problem in the course of its utilization by
the broiler chickens. These findings supported previous reports that, cassava
having a high content of useable carbohydrate, with low fibre, provided a good
potential energy source for non-ruminant animals (Creswell, 1978).
The result of
the liver showed a spectacular pattern of significant difference
among the dietary treatments. It was found that, liver weights increased as the
cassayeast increased. Considering that fat in form dietary palm oil was added
to all the diets, to balance the diets to be isocaloric and reduce dustiness of the cassava meal, the
observed pattern of significant
difference (P<.05) in liver weight was most likely not due to fat
metabolism, higher liver weight is usually associated with higher
detoxification activity. Contrary to this, feeding high dietary fat increased
fatty acid oxidation in the liver, and thus resulting in reduced liver weights
(Daggy et al. 1987). Accordingly, it
appeared that the increased liver weights were more associated with the
increased cassayeast, and it may specifically be cassava having 80% starch and
20% sugar of its 32.8% NFE (Vogt, 1966). Obviously it may not be BDY, per se, which contains UGF that enhances
the clearance of liver
of fatty deposits (Jensen et al.
1976).
The result of the liver weights tended to suggest that
the avian liver may be ineffective in cassava metabolism when compared with
maize, and that this ineffectiveness may have occurred because the liver was
unable to efficiently detoxify the HCN and metabolize the quantity of starch in
cassava simultaneously.
The results showed that at optimum inclusion, up to.
47.94% cassayeast (35% CM) can completely replace maize in a practical broiler
diet with efficiency comparable to that of a maize-soybean meal diet. This
study, therefore, recommends the use of protein fortified cassava such as
cassayeast to completely replace maize in broiler diets in areas where the cost
of cassava is substantially cheaper than maize.
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